Resumo:

Proteins are fundamental to neurological and neurobiological processes, serving as enzymes, receptors, ion channels, structural scaffolds, and molecular switches that regulate neuronal signaling. Dysregulation of protein folding, trafficking, or degradation leads to several neurological disorders, including Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and prion diseases. This chapter explores the hierarchical structure of proteins, their functions in the nervous system, and their involvement in physiopathology. It also examines proteins as biomarkers and therapeutic targets, highlighting innovative strategies such as monoclonal antibodies, antisense oligonucleotide therapies, and biopharmaceuticals. Finally, we discuss challenges in translating protein research into clinical practice, particularly regarding selectivity, delivery across the blood–brain barrier, and long-term safety.